Calculus of variations establishes a framework to determine the extrema of functionals—mappings from functions to real numbers—which has been pivotal in elucidating natural principles such as the ...

The well-known and nearly hundred years old "proportional-integral- derivative"(PID) controller is a linear feedback control method which adjusts the input signal by ...

The goal of controlling a system is to reach or retain stability. In control theory, stability is described with the Lyapunov stability criteria and mathematical models that set into relation the ...

Large companies use a variety of inventory control theories and mathematical formulas to help them optimize the production and storage of many thousands of units of products and to help them minimize ...

Mathematics is one of the oldest disciplines of study. For all its antiquity, however, it is a modern, rapidly growing field. Only 70 years ago, mathematics might have been said to consist of algebra, ...

Nature Research Intelligence Topics Topic summaries Mathematical Sciences Applied Mathematics Calculus of Variations, Mathematical Aspects of Systems Theory and Control Theory Calculus of variations ...